Changes
/* CHR$ () */
==== <code>LOAD ‹file name›[,‹address›] </code>====
==== <code>LOCATE[#‹stream expression›][,] x,y</code> ====
</pre>
:'''P:''' the period number can be a figure between 0 and 4095 (2^12-1... 12 means that we have 12 tones (inclusive half-tones) in nine octaves on the CPC in sum and their distance between is the twelves square root of two), where 8 octaves are available. E.g. Octave 0 starts on middle C with number 478.
: To calculate the period you can use following formula: '''period=1,000,000/(16*frequency)''' or in short '''period=(6562,000500/frequency)'''
: (e.g. the note "A" with the frequency 440 Hz has the period 142 on the CPC)
</pre>
==== <code>SPEED INK <n1,n2> </code> ====: ...in conjunction with the SPEED INK command SPEED defines the frequency of colour changes if a colour change was defined. The duration is calculated by n1=... or n2 =duration/50 seconds. ==== <code>SPEED KEY <start,repeat> </code> ====: SPEED KEY command defines the delay after which a key repeat (for keys that do repeat). The first parameter is the delay before the first repeat and the second parameter is the delay between further repeats. Delay is in 1/50th of seconds. :When using it with low values, it is common to associate a key to reset the default speed of 30,2.:For example to associate the key 0 from the numpad:<pre>KEY 0,"SPEED KEY 30,2"+CHR$(13)</pre> ==== <code>SPEED WRITE <n> </code> ====: SPEED WRITE defines the speed at which data is to be saved or written to a cassette unit. n=1 means 2000 baud, n=0 (default) means 1000 baud. When reading from the tape, the correct speed is automatically selected.
==== <code>SQ (channel)</code> ====
: Beware: it only works here with BIT/number conditions one figure smaller than 1, 3, 7, 15, 31, 63 and 127
==== <code>MOD</code> ====
: ['''MOD''' returns a (rounded) rest (Modulos) after dividen has been devided by the devisor...]::'''Example:'''<pre>32767 mod 256255</pre>: Note: only works with numbers in the range -32768 and 32767 (&8000 < 0 < &7FFF)
==== <code>NOT</code> ====
| 1 | &01 | SOH | 0-255 | PRINTS CHARACTER TO SCREEN |
| 2 | &02 | STX | NONE | TURNS TEXT CURSOR OFF |
| 3 | &03 | ETX | NONE | TURNS TEXT CURSOR ON IN IMMEDIATE || | | | | MODE |
| 4 | &04 | EOT | 0-2 | SET SCREEN MODE |
| 5 | &05 | ENQ | 0-255 | PRINT CHARACTER AT GRAPHICS CURS. |
| 17 | 145 (128+17) | File already exists. |
| 18 | 146 (128+18) | File does not exists. |
| 19 | 147 (128+19) | Direcotry Directory is full. |
| 20 | 148 (128+20) | Disc is full. |
| 21 | 149 (128+21) | Disc changed while file were open. |
run
</pre>
==== <code><big>RIGHT$ (<string expression>, <integer expression>)</big></code> ====
: ''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1''
40 NEXT
</pre>
==== <code><big>RND [(<numeric expression>)]</big></code> ====
: ''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1''
: '''FUNCTION''': Returns the next RaNDom number in sequence if the <numeric expression> has a positive value or is not specified.
</pre>
: '''2. Example''':
: Exampel Example for generating an integer random number between 1 and 1000
<pre>
10 A=INT((RND(1)*1000)+1)
30 GOTO 10
</pre>
<pre>
10 INPUT "Low border",low
run
</pre>
==== <code><big>ROUND (<numeric expression>[,<integer expression>])</big></code> ====: ''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1'': '''FUNCTION''': Rounds n <numeric expression> to a number of decimal places or to the power of ten specified by i<integer expression>. If i is negative<integer expression> less than zero, the n <numeric expression> is rounded to give an absolute integer with i <integer expression> number of zeros before the decimal point.: Example:
: '''Associated keywords''': ABS, CINT, FIX, INT
: '''1. Example''':
<pre>
PRINT ROUND(1562.357,2):PRINT ,ROUND(1562.375,-2) - prints 1562.36 1600
</pre>
: '''2. Example''':
<pre>
10 FOR n=4 TO -4 STEP -1
20 PRINT ROUND (1234.5678,n)
30 PRINT "with integer expression";n
40 NEXT
run
</pre>
==== <code><big>SGN (<numeric expression>)</big></code> ====
: ''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1''
: FUNCTION: Determines the SiGN of the <numeric expression>. Returns -1 if <numeric expression> is less than 0, returns 0 if <numeric expression> = 0, and returns 1 if <numeric expression> is greater than zero.
: '''Example''':<pre>10 FOR n=255 to -200 STEP -2020 PRINT "SGN returns";30 PRINT SGN(n);"for a value of";n40 NEXT nrun</pre>==== <code><big>SIN (n<numeric expression>)</big></code> ====: Returns sine ''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1'': '''FUNCTION''': Calculates the Real value for the Sine of n in degree or radian mode <numeric expression>, defaulting to the Radian (see DEG and RAD)measure mode unless otherwise declared by a DEG command.
: '''Example''':<pre>10 CLS:DEG:ORIGIN 0,2020 FOR n=0 to 72030 y=SIN(n)40 PLOT n*640/720,198*y:NEXT50 GOTO 50run</pre>==== <code><big>SPACE$(<integer expression>)</big></code> ====: ''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1'': '''FUNCTION''': Creates a string containing i of spaces of the given length, (in the range 0-to 255)specified in the <integer expression>.
<pre>
</pre>
==== <code><big>SQ (<channel>)</big></code> ====
: ''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1''
: '''FUNCTION''': Reports the state of the Sound Queue for the specified <channel> which must be an integer expression, yielding one the values:
: 1: for channel A
: 2: for channel B
: 4: for channel C
: The SQ function returns a bit significant integer, comprising the following bit settings:
: Bit 0,1 and 2: the number of free entries in the queue
: Bit 3,4 and 5: the rendezvous state at the head of this queue
: Bit 6 : the head of the queue is held
: Bit 7 : the channel is currently active
: ... where Bit 0 is the least significant bit, and Bit 7 is the most significant bit.
: It can be seen, that if Bit 6 is set, Bit 7 cannot be set at the same time, and vice versa. Similarly if Bits 3, 4, or 5 are set, Bit 6 and 7 cannot be set.
: '''Example''':<pre>10 SOUND 65,100,10020 PRINT SQ(1)run 67</pre>==== <code>STR$<big>SQR (n<numeric expression>)</big></code> ====: ''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1'': '''FUNCTION''': Returns the SQuare Root of the specified <numeric expression>.
: Returns '''Associated keywords''': none : '''Example''':<pre>PRINT SQR(9) 3</pre>==== <code><big>STR$ (<numeric expression>)</big></code> ====: ''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1'': '''FUNCTION''': Converts the string <numeric expression> to a decimal STRing representation of number n.
: Useful for converting a number to a string in case of string manipulation. E.g. after converting a figure to a string then the most left character holds the sign: a minus in case the figure is negative and a space in case the figure is positiv.
: '''Associated keywords''': BIN$, DEC$, HEX$, VAL : '''1. Example''':
<pre>
10 FIGURE=-1599
30 PRINT FIGURE$
-1599
</pre>: '''2. Example''':<pre>
10 FIGURE=1769
20 FIGURE$=STR$(FIGURE)
1769
</pre>
: '''NOTE''': (there's a blank on the left-hand of the number "1769")
: If you want to add e.g. zero before the figure in case of a high score with fix digit-number then you're able to add zero(s) in front of a string instead of a figure.
: '''3. Example''':<pre>10 a=&FF:REM 255 hex20 b=&x1111:REM 15 binary30 c$="***"40 PRINT c$+SR$(a+b)+c$run*** 270***</pre>==== <code><big>STRING$(<length>,<character specifier>)</big></code> ====: ''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1'': '''FUNCTION''': Returns a string expression consisting of the <character specifier> repeated the number of time (in the range 0 to 255) specified in the <length>.
: Returns i copies of the string character specified by s.'''Associated keywords''': SPACE$
: '''1. Example''':<pre>PRINT STRING$(40,"*")****************************************</pre>: '''2. Example''':<pre>PRINT STRING(40,42)****************************************</pre>: '''NOTE''': the <character specifier> 42 refers to the ASCII value of the character '*' and is also equivalent to PRINT STRING$(40,CHR$(42))==== <code><big>TAN (<numeric expression>)</big></code> ====: ''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1'': '''FUNCTION''': Calculates the TANgent of the <numeric expression>, which must be in the range -200,000 to +200,000.: '''NOTE''': DEG and RAD can be used to force the result of the calculation to degrees or radians respectively. : '''Associated keywords''': ATN, COS, DEG, RAD, SIN
: '''Example''':
<pre>
PRINT STRING$TAN(3,"*"45) - prints *** 1.61977519
</pre>
==== <code>TAN <big>TEST (n<x co-ordinate>,<y co-ordinate>)</big></code> ====: ''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1'': '''FUNCTION''': Moves the graphics cursor to the absolute position specified by the <x> and <y co-ordinate>s, and reports the value of the ink at the new location.
: Returns the tangent of n. The DEG and RAD commands can be used to force the result to either mode.'''Associated keywords''': MOVE, MOVER, TESTR, XPOS, YPOS
: '''Example''':<pre>10 CLS20 PRINT "Your are using pen number";30 PRINT TEST(10,386)40 PRINT "Try changing PENs and MODEs";50 PRINT "....then RUN again."run</pre>==== <code>TEST <big>TESTR (<xoffset>,<yoffset>)</big></code> ====: ''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1'': '''FUNCTION''': Moves the graphics cursor by the amount specified in the <x> and <y offset>s relative to its current position, and reports the value of the ink at the new location.
: Moves the graphics cursor by x and y and returns the value of the ink at that position.'''Associated keywords''': MOVE, MOVER, TEST, XPOS, YPOS
: '''Example''':<pre>10 MODE 0:FOR x=1 TO 15:LOCATE 1,x20 PEN x:PRINT STRING$(10,143);:NEXT30 MOVE 200,400:PEN 140 FOR n=1 TO 23:LOCATE 12,n50 PRINT "pen";TESTR(0,-16):NEXTrun</pre>==== <code>TESTR (x,y)<big>TIME</big></code> ====: ''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1'': '''FUNCTION''': Reports the elapsed time since the computer was last switched-on or reset, (excluding periods when reading or writing to disc).: Each second of real time is equal to the returned value = TIME/300.
: Moves the graphics cursor by x and y relative to its current position and returns the value of ink at that position.'''Associated keyword''': AFTER, EVERY, WEND, WHILE
: '''Example''':<pre>10 CLS:REM clock20 INPUT "hour";hour30 INPUT "minute";minute40 INPUT "second";second50 CLS:datum=INT(TIME/300)60 WHILE hour<1370 WHILE minute<6080 WHILE tick<6090 tick=(INT(TIME/300)-datum)+second100 LOCATE 1,1110 PRINT USING "## ";hour,minute,tick120 WEND130 tick=0:second=0:minute=minute+1140 GOTO 50150 WEND160 minute=0:hour=hour+1170 WEND180 hour=1190 GOTO 60run</pre>==== <code>TIME<big>UNT (<address expression>)</big></code> ====: Returns time elapsed since the computer was switched on or reset''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1'': One second = TIME/300'''FUNCTION''': Return an integer in the range -32768 to +32767 which is the twos-complement equivalent of the unsigned value of the <address expression>.
: Returns an integer'''Example''':<pre>PRINT UNT(&FF66)-32768 to 32767154</pre>==== <code><big>UPPER$(<string expression>) </big></code> ====: ''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1'': '''FUNCTION''': Returns a new string expression which is the two's complement a copy of addthe specified <string expression> but in which all alphabetic characters in the range A to Z are converted to upper case. The function is useful for processing input which may come in mixed upper / lower case.
: Example'''Associated keywords''':LOWER$
: '''Example''':
<pre>
10 CLS: a$="my, how you've grown!"20 PRINT UNTUPPER$(&FF66a$) - prints -154run
</pre>
==== <code><big>VAL(<string expression>)</big></code> ====
: ''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1''
: '''FUNCTION''': Returns the numeric VALue, (including any negative sign and decimal point) of the first character(s) in the specified <string expression>.
:If the first character is not a number, then 0 is returned. If the first character is a negative sign or decimal point followed by non-numeric characters, a 'Type mismatch' error (13) will be reported.
: Gives copy of '''1. Example''':<pre>PRINT VAL("-12.34x"),VAL("A-12") -12.34 0</pre>: '''Exception''': if <se > starts with all alphabetic characters "&" + character (and it's between "A" and "F") the whole character will be handled like a hexadezimal numeric character (...often used in upper caseDATA Loaders). The returning numeric value is a signed integer (16-Bit Word). : '''2.Example''':<pre>PRINT VAL("&A") 10
</pre>
:Exception'''3. Example''': if <sepre> starts with 10 CLS: PRINT "&I know my times tables!" + character (and it's between "A20 PRINT:PRINT " and "F") the whole character will be handled like Press a hexadezimal numeric character key (...often used in DATA Loaders1 to 9). The returning numeric value is "30 a signed integer $=INKEY$:IF a$="" THEN 3040 n=VAL(16-Bit Worda$). :if n<pre1 or n>9 then 3050 FOR x=1 to 1260 PRINT n;VAL("&X";x;A"=";n*x70 NEXT:GOTO 20run</pre>==== <code><big>VPOS (#<stream expression>) - returns a 10</big></code> ====: ''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1'': '''FUNCTION''': Reports the current vertical POSition of the text cursor relative to the top of the text window. The <stream expression> MUST be specified, and does NOT default to #0.
: '''Example''':<pre>10 MODE 1:BORDER 0:LOCATE 8,220 PRINT "use cursor up/down keys"30 WINDOW 39,39,1,25:CURSOR 1,140 LOCATE 1,350 IF INKEY(0)<>-1 THEN PRINT CHR$(11);VAL60 IF INKEY(2)<>-1 THEN PRINT CHR$(10);70 LOCATE #1,3,2480 PRINT #1,"text cursor "&800090 PRINT #1,"vertical position =";100 PRINT #1,VPOS(#0) - returns a -32768:GOTO 50run</pre>==== <code><big>XPOS</big></code> ====: ''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1'': '''FUNCTION''': Reports the current horizontal (X)POSition of the graphics cursor.
: '''Example''':<pre>10 MODE 1:DRAW 320,20020 PRINT "graphics cursor X position = ";30 PRINT XPOS</pre>==== <code>XPOS<big>YPOS</big></code> ====: Returns ''BASIC 1.0 & 1.1'': '''FUNCTION''': Reports the current horizontal vertical (xY) position POSition of the graphics graphic cursor.
== Other Basic Dialects available for the CPC ==
