A conventional ROMBoard for six expansion ROMs

What Exactly are Internal and Expansion ROMs

The CPC hardware is designed to (theoretically) take up to 256 external ROMs, each ROM can be up to 16K and are numbered starting from 0. Each ROM can contain one or more programs or utilities. These ROMs are known as Upper ROMs. The programs are started using an "RSX" command: ie: A command with the bar "|" in front - eg: the command |M is used to to start Maxam. Standard ROMBoards such as the Rombo ROMBox or modern solutions such as Inicrons ROM-RAM-Box or the MegaFlash allow you to attach and use these ROM programs on a CPC. Older ROMBoards usually only supported 6 or 8 ROMs and each ROM was an individual EPROM chip. Whereas modern versions (SF2, ROM-RAM-Box, Ram7s RamCard, MegaROM, MegaFlash) support up to 32 ROMs and have combined several virtual ROMs within a single larger chip.

Many programs and utilities were released on ROM for three good reasons:

They start instantly, because they don't actually need to be loaded.
They are always present in the background and can be called/started without needing to insert a disk or tape - Useful for utilities such as Basic extensions or Disc utilities.
They usually run directly from the ROM, not from RAM, so the RAM is still 99.9% empty - Useful for text editors and compilers because the RAM is free to be used for data.

No games were ever released on ROM, probably due to the 16K size limit and the fact that very few CPC users owned a ROMBoard.

The Hardware

The MegaFlash - A 32 Position combined ROMBoard

The CPC can choose which ROM chip is associated with the 16K area starting at &C000. This is usually the reserved for the contents of the screen (RAM), but the address range is shared with ROM Memory.

On start up, the CPC checks whether any ROMs are installed using the "KL_ROM_WALK" firmware routine. The CPC464 only checks for ROMs in positions 7-0, but the 6128 checks for ROMs in positions 15-0. The ROMs are scanned in the reverse order starting from 7 or 15 depending on the CPC type. If a ROM is present, the CPC reads what commands the ROM offers and saves them in a table in RAM.

Further detailed information on the ROM bank numbering can be found here

A full list of all ROMBoards available for the CPC can be found here

The plans for many DIY ROMBoards can also be found here

Reserved ROM Numbers

There are two special ROM positions: ROM 0 is reserved for Basic (known as a type &80 ROM - Foreground ROM) and ROM 7 is reserved for the Disc Operating System - Not present on a 464, AMSDOS on a 6128. The CPC464 has one internal upper ROM (ROM 0) which can be overwritten by a ROMBoard to replace Basic. The 6128 has internal ROMs 0 and 7 (0 can be overwritten but not 7). The CPC Plus series can overwrite both 0 and 7. The Plus CPCs don't have internal ROMs, it was "out-sourced" to the Cartridge. The cartridge is actually situated in ROM positions 128 onwards, but the ASIC in the Plus re-maps the cartridge ROMs to 0 and 7 for compatibility.

Lower ROMs

FO-DOS - A Lower ROM expansion used to replace the internal Firmware

A further ROM is present inside the CPC. This Firmware ROM is in all CPCs, but is mapped to a different area of memory and also doesn't have a ROM Number. It's also possible to overwrite this ROM externally, however this can't be done with a standard ROMBoard, only with Lower ROM expansion such as FO-DOS

Available ROMs

The following is a list ROM images available for the CPC. This does not include cartridge ROMs, which cannot be used in a standard ROMBoard or printer ROMs which are also of no use in a ROMBoard. Further information regarding cartridge ROMs can be found here and printer ROMs can be found here.